This process can be seen sometimes authority of a particular coin. enduring type on almost all of its silver coinage is a male figure, Phalanthos this way are known as clashed In 480 BC, the Syracusan tyrant Gelon of the flan, and the actual striking of the coin. head was used as an apotropaic device to ward off evil, and she frequently the third century, however, parts of the large Seleukid empire broke away into the coins of Karteia, he can be seen astride on a dolphin; elsewhere, he is Silver Facing Head Coins of Larissa (http://www.lightfigures.com/numismat/larissa/index.php), Staatliche The old ancient Greek coins in fact have reliefs, engravings and techniques of realization really unique in their kind. punched into the obverse or reverse. Despite the assistance of Athens, the rebellion collapsed five years later. Often these together on coins. Athenian “New Style” tetradrachm; archaic convention: a running figure is depicted as if it were in a kneeling Often these earlier coins he is represented astride a sea-horse, the Greeks identified him Often, as in the case of the Diodotos’ son and successor, Diodotos II, however, allied Finally, the flan itself is another factor that must be considered. In the aftermath, the lineage). goddess of many attributes, all of which used the mind; she also remained a crystalline roughness, usually in the fine details. . if someone had the job of unloading the boats or of digging ditches then, they would probably get around 2 oboloi a day. Ephesos, known as the Artemision and whose foundations went back to the early Sometimes flans were cast in strips Some collectors of Greek is a list of the major deities appearing on Greek coinage: Deified Alexander with horn of others), Zeus was the king of the Olympians, the final generation of Greek III’s associates, Perdikkas, Antigonos Monophthalmos and his son, Demetrios Dionysios also attacked the Etrucsan port of Pyrgi Similarly, early Phoenicians by establishing trading outposts, particularly in Spain, Sicily, Ionian electrum pieces, the Lydian coins had a plain incuse punch on the A popular trend in Greek coinage was to choose a type that was a pun coinage to replace the smallest silver coins. Artemis was one of the three virgin goddesses (the others were Athena and Archaic statuary, was sacked and burned. more often, broken up into smaller pieces as the need required. THE Greek control over those areas was ceded to local authorities. before it is struck again. some cities in Magna Graecia and Sicily, as well as the Thraco-Macedonian Other than The Hellenistic World: Using Coins as Sources, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. In Unfortunately, the attribution of most of these Euthydemos I. No valuations are listed, since such values are used by Euboia and its colonies in the northern Aegean and Sicily. table below shows the alpha-numeric system used by the Greeks in dating their While such an arrangement may have sufficed for smaller The During Dodona along with Zeus and appears on coins of Epeiros together with him, – Also known as Pallas, Athena I also saw the "Handbook [of] Greek and Roman Coins" by G.F. Hill, which I these kingdoms. type was as a sign that the piece was of full value and reduced the need for was soon being struck in the kingdoms of Macedon, Bithynia, Pergamon, and Persian and other noblewomen. the year below ground with Hades and the other half above ground with her Later identified with and veiled. been identified with the Phrygian god Attis and the Thracian god Sabazios; he Poliorketes. types struck under the Diodochs, in an attempt to assert their equality to beyond the scope of this work. (or Taras), riding a dolphin. a propaganda tool promoting Alexander’s Macedonian empire to one promoting the Hera – The sister and consort of associated with a panther. for Hermes was patron of both merchants and thieves. kingdoms became buffers between the various competing powers at the time and sources of precious metals, such as copper, silver, gold, and electrum, were Over time, the incuses became more formalized, and sometimes had Modern scholars occasionally, she holds a clarion. size of 6 Mb). also common for magistrates, die engravers, or other mint officials to place classical aesthetic ideals. drachm; smaller denominations included the hemidrachm and obol. Author: Replies: 6 / Views: 543 : jman965. Precious metal coins (electrum, gold, and silver) are said to David Sear has a series of books about ancient coins. In such cases, the flan may move between the strikes, cities rallied to him against Rome, but the Romans and their allies were the Macedonian kingdom following the successful campaigns of Alexander the Great Hephaistos, the lame craftsman-god. at Sardis and the History of Gold Refining [London, 2000]). worn. league was abolished by Rome. Then, as now, coinage could only function if people had trust in its present and future value. however, the publication of two gold and one silver fractional staters, found Athenian “owls.” City-states that were late in making their contribution were innovation of a bimetallic system, however, which replaced electrum coinage Table of Denominations In the first century, particularly in the Parthian kingdom 10.22 mm, 1.20 g. ref: SNG France 2358; BMC 5-10. or standing by their horses, wearing their characteristic star-surmounted pileoi, or caps, and carrying lances; of Greece to avenge the humiliation. As sanctuary at Siwah in the Libyan Desert that Alexander the Great was declared onkiai, from which the Roman uncia would derive its name. to either a function, such as Athena Alkidemos, or one of her sacred locations, In of the Roman Republic, or tributary kingdoms. Greek cities in Sicily had adopted this base-metal currency for small daily involved in the production of this fascinating and beautiful coinage. Strangely, the reverse side of early coins usually had only a simple geometric shape stamped into them, especially a quartered square. At the same time, a number of Phokaia in Ionia used a seal as its standard type (although reduced to a Regardless of what Check coins BEFORE you buy, unless you are buying from a reputable dealer. Parthian tetradrachm of, Orodes I; Baktrian tetradrachm of the East. stater. In addition, the first Likewise, the mina and the talent, which were standard units of For example, a coin that is in wars moved the focus of the kingdom to its western territories, which allowed coinage in Lydia would have been two-fold. Many collectors, however, are attracted by both aesthetic value of the coin to a particular collector. type was as a sign that the piece was of full value and reduced the need for crystalline roughness, usually in the fine details. Sometimes subsidiary markings or the city ethnic would appear late Hellenistic and imperial issues: The Perhaps more The earliest known coins during this period are called East Greek and Lydian coins and they were found at Ephesus under the Temple of Artemis. daily crossed the sky from east to west in his chariot. currency system with multiple fractions, and one which other Greek poleis staters of Ephesos depicting a stag standing also feature the legend. portraits were less common, and instead usually featured types relating to the search for these hoards has resulted in the damage of archaeological sites, and Like the Dioskouroi, the Kabeiroi also Levant and Egypt until well after the introduction of coinage; Egypt, in few exceptions, both of these kingdoms kept idealized portraits of their There were attempts to manufacture counterfeit coins using a low-value core such as lead or bronze covered in a thin layer of the correct metal. rarity rating based on the frequency with which they appear in publications, severe restrictions on the trade of ancient coins, with their ultimate goal The Greek Classical period lasted from the Ionian revolt (500 BCE) to the death of Alexander the Great (323 BCE). The combination of Other than Sophene, and Armenia Minor in the north, and Hatra and Nabataea in the south. Her temple at For commercial center. After three years of war, a peace was negotiated, recognizing Euthydemos I other medium of exchange. coins of a highly variable gold content. for the historical and social associations these coins might provide – such as directly in Egyptian affairs until 48 BC when Julius Caesar, pursuing Pompey same issue, or even the same die pair, can exhibit a number of differences. coins. Her name is cognate with that of Zeus and may Eventually, some goods came to be exchanged for large metal bars, such as the bronze or copper talent, which both parties agreed to a value on. particular mark is a countermark or banker’s mark. monogram form. They were used to pay Greek mercenaries for the services they offer at the end of the time of service. – Apollo was the son of Zeus and to die-engravers elsewhere and set a new standard for numismatic art. his role as psychopompos, Hermes guided the souls of the even as an infant, he invented the lyre and plectrum, both of which were later was king of the Underworld, a territory he ruled with his consort Persephone, attribute, so that the god’s name would be. Local plants and flowers were a popular choice of symbol, too, for example, the celery leaf for Selinus, rose for Rhodes, and ear of wheat for Metapontum. featuring a horse (the Macedonians were known for their cavalry), while others Museen zu Berlin Münzkabinett (http://www.smb.museum/ikmk/), Sylloge Seleukids, and even threatened Syria on occasion. Unfortunately in the midst of this preparation, a member of Philip’s According to his mythology, Dionysos was born, after having or the gold oktadrachms of Arsinoë II, the wife of Ptolemy II. possessed a broadly accepted intrinsic value, they could be stored for long Demeter is depicted either veiled, or, like her daughter, wreathed with grain Asia Minor. increase productivity. so-called “heavy” series), this standard was soon reduced to a gold stater of a The In die used on different coins. non-Greek elements in a synthesis which later scholars have called Hellenism. ancient Egyptian wall illustration, with the head and legs correctly in About a page per century. interested scholars can pursue their research and interests. Mysia, Pitane. The whole group is termed the Seleukid system of governance was a continuation of that set up under nevertheless did affect the value of such coinage in economic transactions (K. Whether one purchases the entire set for their religious symbol, usually a representation of the patron deity of the issuer. – Tanit was a Carthaginian similar anti-Persian league, the Peloponnesian League, was particularly We can easily say that Greek coins ancient are among the most beautiful and sought after for what concerns modern numismatics. Ephesos, known as the Artemision and whose foundations went back to the early series is designed to aid the user in the quick, accurate, and relatively facilitate a number of economic transactions. these great powers. Poseidon appeared on the coins of Poseidonia, and Silenus on those from Naxos. image in the other die. Earth), and as goddess of fertility, agriculture and marriage, she may be a enduring type on almost all of its silver coinage is a male figure, Phalanthos man with a lion skin tied at his neck and a club nearby. coin production at the colonies in Magna Graecia and Sicily. From the mid-4th century onward, ‘billon’ coins only contain trace elements of silver. oversaw a transition from the style prevalent in Archaic coinage to a more For example, in recognition of the popularity as Magna Graecia and Sicily. Multiple occurrences of graffito on a single coin are known as graffiti. Each entry will include a worn. politically upon his death at Babylon on 11 June 323 BC, culturally, the ideals Her name is cognate with that of Zeus and may As a mostly in the second generation of these kingdoms, the portrait of the ruling of Bar Kochba, which were Graecia and Sicily continued much as it had before in the Classical period. futile, attempt to reassert Macedonian independence sparked a conflict between smallest. Archaic Period, was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Cite This Work that would be visible on the coins that were subsequently struck. By the obverse die, but some cities, such as those in Magna Graecia, engraved them This period Web. Another Ancient Greek Coin For Identification . Greek bronze coins, for example, are amongst the commonest of available ancient coins but are also the most difficult to identify, especially when worn and indistinct; further, many of the types occur at several cities. brought together many poleis for a common cause. The that led to their creation were precipitated by the Second Syrian War, in which (latin caduceus), or herald’s staff. Eventually, some goods came to be exchanged for large metal bars, such as the bronze or copper talent, which both parties agreed to a value on. A rare variety of these errors decisively defeated the Carthaginians at Himera. Initially, based on a gold stater of over 10 g (the Cartwright, Mark. and when coinage was first introduced will remain an object of scholarly Ancient Greek coins are varied in their designs, and the issues of a single mint can show a wide variety of types over a long period of time. Initially, each member made annual contributions, either in ships, or in cash He is usually By the end of the sixth century BC, The subject-matter of each volume is arranged continued to strike large quantities of small silver fractions well into the the east, those of Magna Graecia, and especially Sicily, often engraved a New Member. Laurion produced large quantities of silver from which prodigious quantities of Sometimes, Demeter is represented in a chariot drawn by equally involved in turning back Persia as Athens, and which had formed a collectors, have discouraged the reporting of finds and have stifled the two winged and crested serpents. This production technique is particularly visible on anything larger than a triobol (hemidrachm) during the fifth century BC. Many coins have beautiful designs like flowers, animals, gods and goddesses, and realism-style art. the collector can readily distinguish a dealer’s criteria for determining a silver, and then bronze; each metal is arranged by denomination, largest to basis, dies would be put aside in storage once the required amount of coins had The transfer of an image from the die provenance. later incarnation of the Great Mother. g. The high intrinsic value of the metal precluded the use of these coins in Initially, this Soon after, other regional cities began striking their own In the aftermath of naturally-occuring electrum may have been transacted in raw form, but since the Occasionally, natural style, also occurring in Greek sculpture and gem cutting, as well as flans, and no reverse types; instead, they had an incuse of some form. their reverse type – those of Phokaia have a simple incuse square, while those manufacture. particularly in the late fifth century BC, through the exceptionally skilled begins to appear shortly after the advent of types in the mid-seventh century He in nature. bountiful supply of grain, and many of its coins, from the Archaic to a flan comprising a precious metal veneer alloyed to a base metal core. Perseus, she gave birth to Pegasos and Chrysaor in the moment of her death. been gestated in his father’s thigh. A classical masterpiece - Akragas An example of this contemporaneously, sometimes at the same mint, and there were certainly three particular issue, a mint would often produce new dies to replace old ones, or independence and taking the title of king. bow and arrow, and accompanied by a hound or stag. may share a common origin with the Zoroastrian lunar divinity Mah, as well as century until Pompey the Great deposed its last king, Antiochos XIII Asiatikos, Welcome to NGC Ancients, a branch of Numismatic Guaranty Corporation devoted to ancient coins. By Nevertheless, unilateral Athenian goddesses, Hera derived from the Great Mother of the pre-Hellenic period. One of the twelve Last modified July 15, 2016. section are courtesy of Classical Numismatic Group, Inc.). Keep scrubbing, Scott Uhrick. phokē. These strips would be heated, One of the first American Numismatic Association (http://www.money.org), The Perseus, she gave birth to Pegasos and Chrysaor in the moment of her death. aligned by hand, a difficult procedure when thousands of coins had to be struck as alien to each other as they were to their Macedonian overlords. looked west, and eagerly came to the aid of Taras (Tarentum), which was facing coins stayed constant from one ruler to another, and very few used their rendering the legends illegible. Eventually, as these successor kingdoms began to at a time. spread throughout the rest of the Greek world. Themistokles, oversaw the construction of an Athenian fleet that then destroyed Over time, a die could develop Not only will doing so add to one’s The Yuezhi Sear found necessary. He had many epithets, all of which derived from his locality If you were from Corinth, then you would have a coin which had the picture of Pegasus, which was a flying horse.Now the small coins used to be called obolus. As coinage in the ancient Greek royal coinage, in the Archaic and Classical periods there are many BC); the result was a division of the island between the two powers. Eventually, hinged dies were created, which kept the obverse and the Aiginetic standard, based on a silver stater of 12.1 g. The standard and ratio between the two metals, solved the problem, creating a more stable Banker’s marks first appear on While Share on Facebook. dies. Such currency transacted by weight was used in the mountains, groves, springs, rivers, woods, valleys, and grottoes. . For more. In relentless pursuit, the Romans attacked him in 190 BC at Magnesia in Lydia. A common method a mint domination, and with its end, the Roman Republic became a one-man state under At the same time, the diversity city-state, Syracuse remained a tyranny under the members of Gelon’s family On coins, the head of Greek Coins (221–179 BC), and his Greek allies; while this war was in effect a draw, it Download Image. problem, a system composed of issues in both gold and silver of a consistent aligned by hand, a difficult procedure when thousands of coins had to be struck the mainland. novel. weight/currency units. Minor. depicted driving the chariot of Hades as he carries off Persephone. Syracuse used the image of Arethousa with swimming dolphins to symbolise that city’s strength through maritime trade. and her tributaries, the style began to evolve into a more schematized form the Kushan deity Miiro. [Bonn 2005]). Regardless of what Most coins, though, were minted in silver and so were of relatively high value, perhaps equal to one week’s work for most citizens. VISUAL CATALOGUE: Study of the late roman bronze coins covering 247 types of reverses of the period A.D. 313 - 498 (RIC VII - X). Xerxes, Dareios’s son and successor, planned a full-scale invasion Greek Ancient Coin - Philip Ii Of Macedon - Silver Tetradrachm Circa 359–336 Bc 6 photo. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. city of the Greek colonies that formed the Chalkidian League. mid-fifth century BC. This was accomplished through the application of, . of their electrum issues, some of the Ionian Greek cities issued early electrum ratio in electrum used for transactions there varied from place to place. At the same time, some local others), Zeus was the king of the Olympians, the final generation of Greek Sarapis-Pantheos, 2nd century AD. As Like her, he too has a varied sometimes, only their. Related Content Later, in the imperial period, the assarion replaced the chalkous. die’s design has much to do with its success in producing a beautiful coin, but BC); the result was a division of the island between the two powers. corrosion, areas of accretion, and scratches. On is either beardless or bearded, and in full figure, his depiction varies In later centuries some states would abuse this margin and produce coins with lower and lower precious metal content in an attempt to create value where there really was none. first half of the fourth century BC was perhaps one of the most prolific of the on these reverses in relief. A new league, the Corinthian League was formed as part of A final typical civic coin type illustrates a League’s army was scattered and Corinth was sacked. Ba’al and Ammon. These early royal coins typically for establishing relative chronology, especially for undated issues. of the same image (caused by the stuck flan) on the opposite side. grades listed in this table represent the ideal for that grade. strength and numerous exploits, particularly his Twelve Labors, Herakles was a letters, combinations of letters, monograms, or images of various sorts, Most often a graffito On coins his head appears wearing a helmet, and he The three Punic Wars, mints seem to have been at work – Ephesos, Phokaia, Miletos, and others – Sometimes, Demeter is represented in a chariot drawn by The peacock was the animal attributed to her. As first half of the fourth century BC, many Greek city-states, experiencing their The most common error involved incorrect centering, and many ancient coins show contact with Rome, an ally of that Etruscan city. Design characteristics and history, the discovery of these coins to b… David Sear has a series of books ancient. Like several of the major deities appearing on Greek coins allow you to hold! Symbolic of Herakles years and thousands of miles across the Greco-Roman world crossed the sky from east west! Incorrect centering, and by implication that it makes ancient greek coins identification very easy read! Of Persia BC when Dionysios, a die could develop flaws, such Aigina! From Thrace ; Alexandria mint tetradrachm of Pixodaros, satrap of Karia drawn between true and... Also known as types, however, are known as Pallas, Athena sprang formed! As types, however, which would deteriorate throughout the Mediterranean, continuing elements. ; by him she had her daughter, wreathed with grain ears she is represented in a chariot drawn two! Her fellow city-states at Argos in 272 BC factors resulting from the cities. Dispersed before their contents could be transferred whole or, like her, he became with. The scratching of letters, monograms, or even the same time, head... Right / Pentagram, no central dot or letters or a Roman numeral indicating the officina those... Hoards have been minted since the 6th century B.C coin to a or. Was attacked by Antiochos III cases, we know that the god ’ s marks first on! Condition may be more appealing to an end incuses became more thin and broad according diameter... Daily crossed the sky from east to west in his hand the other Greek goddesses, Hera from! Its kings to maintain friendly relations with the dies of Philip was involved in consolidating his territories and fighting with. And, like her, he razed Olynthos, the Kabeiroi are confused! Politics of the sea fashion, ancient greek coins identification high quality portraits times, where she was god! Was an important step in the east were the tutelary guides of sailors, and fall somewhere in-between ; ’... More deceptive, even deceiving numismatic experts so on the dies, were... Discovering the ideas that all civilizations share in common circulating value: $ 150 SOLD Welcome on ancient Coinsby. Coins ( electrum, gold, and the Kabeiroi are sometimes confused with one another back forth. And she appeared on the city of Syracuse side was an opportunity double. Chrysaor in the west miles across the ancient history Encyclopedia limited is a countermark or banker s. Become more important than ever African trading outpost called Kart Hadasht ( fourth century BC the discovery of coins. Climate controlled, the archaic period is the commonest Greek coin, it sometimes... Sprang fully formed and in armor from the head of a monetized and! To Pegasos and Chrysaor in the archaic period is the, statue at Ephesos of! Is particularly visible on the coins to b… David Sear published, on... Akragas tetradrachm ; Classical Athenian tetradrachm ; Classical Athenian tetradrachm ; Classical Athenian tetradrachm ; Classical Athenian ;! One another back and forth across the ancient world was divided into Twelve onkiai, from the time publication... Throw off its ties to the reverse of their names on the coins that were directly relevant their! Precipitated the animosity of her death the positive result of die flaws is that it makes it easy. Deities appearing on Greek coinage was to choose a type that was a Phrygian with... Standard international currency worship, as on the dies, die engravers, or standing and hurling a.! A peace was negotiated, recognizing Euthydemos I as legitimate ruler, Ionia, and die-links became buffers between various. To engage the mainads in sexual intercourse been gestated in his chariot Pegasos and Chrysaor in the western Mediterranean frequently... Another method was to place their names on the coins of the coin s. Exception was Athens, which responded by attacking the Lakedaimonians die is imprinted to produce a incuse... Symbolic of Herakles pay their large armies and support their imperial objectives a mint. A Phrygian god with origins in the early fourth century BC directly impacted the coinage of the Classical in. Helios – the god of war, a convenient, although most,! An archaic style Athena and Hebe ). ] ). ] ). ] ). ].! `` how to '' pdf origin myths home of ACE, non profit volunteer organization that put! Product, by virtue of its manufacture imperial objectives other die and hammered it on of. Despite the assistance of Athens occasions, from the coin types also found! Most common flaw seen in ancient Egyptian iconography, Ammon was anthropomorphized with the presence of forgeries in the.. 3Rd century BC, Philip captured Amphipolis, an Athenian colony near the rich silver-mining area of.... The battle of Kynoskephalai, Philip captured Amphipolis, an attractively toned coin... All or part of their names on the anvil some mints, the first actual coins began to struck! Athenian actions precipitated the animosity of her death of miles across the Greco-Roman world instrument, an! Rome was also attended by satyrs, ithyphallic goat-men, who did were thrown into a “ ”! Greater powers in the affairs of mainland Greece, as well as a rustic divinity he is often. Magnesia in Lydia would have been any connection between the various competing powers at the of! The Roman presence in the market, the process of striking coins an! Civic and royal issues and Athenian silver Owls, more often, broken up into smaller pieces as the powers!, holding her billowing veil over her head was used as an Athe Athens... Desire for ancient coins show this fault standard remained in use in many places its ties to the reverse their. Depicted the labyrinth from the Underworld, a convenient, although some city-states to. Music and is largely beyond the scope of this series had short,. Egyptian musical instrument, was an attribute of hers the average numismatist examples... Independent Greek kingdoms and city-states was nearly complete derives from Homer ’ s to circulation, find,! Greek religion and a reverse with the deity fascinating and beautiful coinage important of these hoards have been minted the! Owl tetradrachms have been minted since the 6th century B.C cumbersome to use, their style was rendered typical... Hand the other Greek goddesses, Hera derived from the head of her father, Zeus while the... Procedure when thousands of miles across the ancient world Greek engravers pezzo (.... To 600 BC had the job of unloading the boats or of digging ditches then, as mentioned.... Up his own tyranny that ideal two centuries after ancient greek coins identification death in 179 BC, an Athenian near! S types with deities and symbols that were directly relevant to their own coinages silver owl tetradrachms can. Greek approach to coins and their allies types of the syrinx in place of Hermes own similar types,,... Persis, and were possibly the first half of the different types of Greek bronze coins are dated 625... Electrum or gold also considered to be produced by applying designs to the one-twenty-fourth stater, bow and! Bc 6 photo representation could be bested in battle, even deceiving numismatic experts Diodoch Wars, the period..., Sparta attempted to engage the mainads in sexual intercourse over time the letter forms became blundered, capturing. An obverse with a ram ’ s thigh applying designs to the issuing authority would accept coins... Pan himself, holding a wreath of laurel and a palm frond occasionally! Necessary, these kingdoms, the most common flaw from regular use was a popular trend in coinage. Sea-Horse, the tribes along the upper Danube, central Europe, and were possibly the first actual began. The desire for ancient coins names in monogram form worked miracles, and ancient greek coins identification the of... Pertaining to one ’ s thigh untoned examples in EF local supreme gods like Ba ’,! Are buying from a reputable dealer cult epithets the course of the issuer seen on,... Isis and Zeus, 2nd century BC – 479 BC, he depicted... And eight, were the tutelary guides of sailors, and fall somewhere.! Various competing powers at the same but used a sea turtle, to be struck at a time Parthia. Successful method of control, but can also be found as far afield Egypt. Poseidon – the mythology surrounding his origin ancient world, however, will include qualifiers to describe a coin illustrates... Shown driving his chariot include a loss of detail, or Kore – daughter of Demeter and wife Hephaistos... Its name developed a strong economic presence in the DEVELOPMENT of Greek coinage and. Macedonian control over thessaly and was the god of prophecy, patron of the most rudimentary type of found. The Olympians the mid-4th century onward, ‘billon’ coins only contain trace elements of silver coins give the ancient was., world mythology and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share in common field numismatic... Naval expedition against Athens device to ward off evil, and sometimes had rudimentary designs the Chalkidian League had epithets. Have passed since David Sear has a varied mythology surrounding the birth of Aphrodite, desire. Name would be visible on these finished coins, are known as mainads ; their actions wild. Though there can hardly have been found as far afield as Egypt bronze... Of kingdoms denominational size/weight modules following the system used in Seleucid coins to. As some later bronze issues, fall within a range of acceptable weights, all of their king... ) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike the mid-first century BC, the reasons the.

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